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| 1851 |
| | The Australian gold rush begins with the discovery of gold fields at Ballarat and a few months later at Bendigo | |
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| 1854 |
| | Australian gold diggers, angered by the requirement to purchase a licence, make a defiant stand at the Eureka stockade | |
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| 1861 |
| | Chinese immigrants to Australia are the victims of violent racial attacks at Lambing Flat | |
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| 1862 |
| | John McDouall Stuart reaches the north coast of Australia at Van Diemen's Gulf seven months after setting off from Adelaide | |
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| 1862 |
| | The bones of Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills are brought back to Melbourne after the heroic failure of their attempt to cross Australia | |
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| 1870 |
| | Adelaide and Darwin are linked across the entire Australian continent by the Overland Telegraph Line | |
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| 1877 |
| | The first Test match is played in Melbourne between English and Australian cricket teams, with victory going to Australia | |
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| 1882 |
| | When Australia win the second Test match, in London, the Sporting Times declares that they will take home with them 'the ashes of English cricket' | |
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| 1884 |
| | The British empire is first described as a 'Commonwealth of Nations', by Lord Rosebery speaking in Australia | |
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| 1887 |
| | The Australian soprano Nellie Melba makes her operatic debut as Gilda in Rigoletto in Brussels | |
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